Uro-oncology is the branch of oncology that deals with cancers of the urinary and male reproductive systems. This includes cancers of the kidney, bladder, prostate, testicles, ureters, and penis. Among these, prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men worldwide, while bladder and kidney cancers are also frequently diagnosed. Testicular cancer, though less common, is highly curable when detected early. Symptoms may vary depending on the site but often include blood in the urine (hematuria), pain in the lower back or abdomen, urinary difficulties, or a lump in the testicle.

Diagnosis involves a combination of clinical examination, blood tests (like PSA for prostate cancer), urine tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI. Cystoscopy is often used to directly visualize and biopsy tumors in the bladder. Biopsies and pathology reports are essential to confirm the type and grade of cancer and guide the choice of treatment. Staging determines how far the cancer has spread, which plays a key role in planning management.

Treatment varies widely based on the type and stage of cancer. Surgery is often a primary treatment for localized cancers. This may involve procedures like radical prostatectomy (for prostate cancer), nephrectomy (removal of the kidney), or cystectomy (removal of the bladder). Minimally invasive and robotic-assisted surgeries are now commonly used to reduce recovery time and complications. For testicular cancer, orchiectomy (removal of the affected testicle) is usually the first step.

In addition to surgery, other treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy (especially for prostate cancer), and immunotherapy are important options. Bladder cancer may also be treated with intravesical therapy, where drugs are delivered directly into the bladder. Advanced or metastatic uro-oncological cancers may require a combination of therapies, and newer targeted treatments and immunotherapies are showing promise in improving survival and quality of life.

Follow-up and surveillance are critical in uro-oncology to detect recurrence or complications early. Supportive care including management of urinary and sexual function, mental health support, and rehabilitation is essential for overall patient well-being. A multidisciplinary team—comprising urologists, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, and pathologists—ensures comprehensive and personalized care for patients with genitourinary cancers.