Breast cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the breast, most commonly in the ducts (which carry milk to the nipple) or the lobules (which produce milk). It can affect both men and women, but it is far more common in women. Symptoms may include a lump in the breast or underarm, changes in the size or shape of the breast, skin dimpling, nipple discharge, or pain. Early detection through screening methods like mammography plays a crucial role in improving the chances of successful treatment.

Diagnosis of breast cancer usually involves a combination of physical examination, imaging tests (such as mammography, ultrasound, or MRI), and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer cells. Once diagnosed, further tests are conducted to determine the stage of cancer, which describes the size of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body. Hormone receptor tests and genetic markers also help in planning treatment.

Treatment for breast cancer varies based on the stage and type of cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences. The main treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. Surgery is often the first step and may involve removing the tumor (lumpectomy) or the entire breast (mastectomy), sometimes along with nearby lymph nodes. Reconstructive surgery may also be an option following mastectomy.

Radiation therapy is commonly used after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells in the breast, chest wall, or lymph nodes. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells and may be given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumors or after surgery (adjuvant) to prevent recurrence. Hormone therapy is used if the cancer is hormone receptor-positive, and it works by blocking estrogen or progesterone, which fuel some breast cancers. Targeted therapy focuses on specific proteins or genes that drive cancer growth, such as HER2.

Recovery and follow-up care are important parts of breast cancer treatment. Patients may undergo regular physical exams, imaging, and lab tests to monitor for any signs of recurrence. Supportive care, including counseling, rehabilitation, and lifestyle changes, can help patients manage side effects and improve quality of life. With advancements in medical science, the survival rate for breast cancer has significantly improved, especially when detected and treated early.