Head and neck oncology focuses on cancers that develop in the mouth, throat, voice box (larynx), nose, sinuses, and salivary glands. These cancers are often linked to risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). Symptoms may include a persistent sore throat, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, a lump in the neck, non-healing mouth ulcers, or changes in voice. Early diagnosis is crucial, as many of these cancers are highly treatable in the early stages.

Diagnosis involves a thorough physical examination, including endoscopic evaluation of the throat and vocal cords, imaging studies like CT scan, MRI, or PET scan, and biopsy of suspicious lesions. HPV testing and other molecular markers are often used to guide treatment decisions, particularly in oropharyngeal cancers, which are increasingly linked to HPV infection and tend to have a better prognosis.

Treatment depends on the type, location, and stage of cancer. Surgery is often a key treatment, especially for accessible tumors in the oral cavity or larynx. Techniques such as transoral robotic surgery (TORS) or laser surgery may be used for precision and preservation of function. Neck dissection may be necessary if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes. In cases where surgery is not feasible or complete removal is not possible, radiation therapy or chemoradiation becomes the primary treatment.

Radiation therapy is commonly used, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, to preserve organs and maintain functions like speech and swallowing. Chemotherapy may also be used in advanced or recurrent cases. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are becoming increasingly important, especially in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancers. These therapies work by targeting specific pathways in cancer cells or by boosting the body's immune response against the tumor.

Rehabilitation and supportive care are essential parts of the treatment journey. Speech and swallowing therapy, nutritional support, dental care, and psychological counseling help patients recover and maintain quality of life. A multidisciplinary team—including surgical oncologists, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, speech therapists, and dietitians—ensures that patients receive holistic care tailored to their individual needs.