Gynaecological oncology is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on cancers of the female reproductive system, including the cervix, uterus (endometrium), ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, and vulva. These cancers vary in terms of symptoms, risk factors, and behavior. Common symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, bloating, changes in menstrual cycles, or unexplained weight loss. Early detection is crucial, especially in cervical cancer, which can often be prevented through regular screening and HPV vaccination.

Diagnosis involves a combination of pelvic examinations, imaging studies like ultrasound, CT or MRI scans, and tissue biopsies. In some cases, tumor markers such as CA-125 (for ovarian cancer) or Pap smears and HPV testing (for cervical cancer) help in early detection and risk stratification. Staging is essential to determine how far the cancer has spread, and this guides the treatment plan.

Treatment depends on the type and stage of cancer, as well as the patient's age, fertility considerations, and overall health. Surgery is often the first line of treatment and may involve procedures like hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), oophorectomy (removal of ovaries), or more extensive surgeries including lymph node removal. Minimally invasive laparoscopic or robotic surgeries are increasingly preferred for selected cases due to faster recovery and fewer complications.

In addition to surgery, many patients may require chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy. Chemotherapy is commonly used in advanced or recurrent cancers, particularly ovarian cancer. Radiation therapy plays a key role in cervical and endometrial cancers. Targeted therapies and immunotherapies are also emerging as effective options in certain cases, especially in cancers with specific genetic mutations or markers like BRCA or MSI.

Follow-up care is crucial to monitor for recurrence and manage long-term side effects. Psychological support, nutritional counseling, and fertility preservation options are important aspects of comprehensive care. A multidisciplinary approach involving gynaecologic oncologists, medical oncologists, radiologists, and support teams ensures better outcomes and an improved quality of life for women diagnosed with gynaecological cancers.