Neuro-oncology is a specialized field focused on the diagnosis and treatment of tumors affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can be either primary (originating in the nervous system) or secondary (metastatic tumors that have spread from other parts of the body). Common primary brain tumors include gliomas, meningiomas, medulloblastomas, and pituitary adenomas. Symptoms vary depending on the tumor's location and may include headaches, seizures, vision or speech problems, memory loss, weakness, or changes in behavior.

Diagnosis begins with a detailed neurological examination followed by imaging studies such as MRI and CT scans to determine the size, location, and characteristics of the tumor. Advanced imaging techniques like functional MRI and PET scans may be used to assess the tumor's activity and its relationship with critical brain areas. A biopsy, either through surgery or stereotactic methods, is often necessary to confirm the diagnosis and identify the tumor type and grade.

Treatment of brain and spinal tumors typically requires a multidisciplinary approach. Surgery is often the first step if the tumor is accessible and removal is safe. The goal is to remove as much of the tumor as possible while preserving neurological function. In some cases, complete resection may not be possible due to the tumor's proximity to vital structures. Modern techniques such as neuronavigation, intraoperative MRI, and awake brain surgery have improved surgical outcomes.

Following surgery, additional treatments may include radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy is especially important for tumors that cannot be fully removed or those with high recurrence risk. Chemotherapy is used for certain tumor types like high-grade gliomas and medulloblastomas. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are promising newer options for tumors with specific genetic alterations, such as IDH mutations or MGMT methylation in gliomas.

Recovery and long-term care focus on rehabilitation and supportive therapies. Patients may need physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, or psychological support depending on the tumor's impact on brain function. Regular follow-ups with MRI scans are essential to monitor for recurrence or progression. Neuro-oncology combines advanced technology with compassionate, multidisciplinary care to manage complex tumors and improve patient outcomes and quality of life.