Musculoskeletal oncology is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with tumors affecting the bones, muscles, cartilage, and connective tissues. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant tumors include primary bone cancers like osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, as well as soft tissue sarcomas. Secondary or metastatic bone cancers are also common, often spreading from cancers of the breast, prostate, lung, or kidney. Patients may present with pain, swelling, limited mobility, or pathological fractures.

Diagnosis begins with a detailed history and clinical examination, followed by imaging studies such as X-rays, MRI, CT scans, and bone scans. A biopsy is essential to confirm the diagnosis and to determine the exact type of tumor. Advanced imaging and staging tests help assess the extent of disease and whether it has spread to other parts of the body, particularly the lungs, which are a common site for metastasis in bone cancers.

Treatment for malignant musculoskeletal tumors is usually multidisciplinary. Surgery is the mainstay for localized tumors and aims to remove the tumor completely while preserving as much limb function as possible. Limb-sparing surgeries have become more common due to advancements in surgical techniques and prosthetics. In some cases, amputation may still be necessary if the tumor is large or involves critical structures. Reconstructive surgery may be performed to restore function and appearance.

Chemotherapy plays a critical role, especially in high-grade bone sarcomas like osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, where it is often given both before and after surgery (neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy). Radiation therapy is used selectively, particularly for soft tissue sarcomas or when tumors are inoperable. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are emerging options for certain subtypes based on genetic profiling of the tumor.

Rehabilitation, pain management, and psychosocial support are integral to recovery and long-term care. Regular follow-ups with imaging and blood tests are needed to detect any recurrence or metastasis early. A multidisciplinary team comprising orthopedic oncologists, medical and radiation oncologists, physiotherapists, and counselors ensures comprehensive care. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, many patients with musculoskeletal tumors can achieve good functional outcomes and quality of life.